Composers
Early: Guido of Arezzo (Italy), Hildegard of Bingen (Germany), Pérotin (France), Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (Italy), Claudio Monteverdi (Italy)
Baroque: Heinrich Schütz (Germany) , Jean-Baptiste Lully (Italy/France), Henry Purcell (UK), Antonio Vivaldi (Italy), Johann Sebastian Bach (Germany), George Frideric Handel (Germany/UK), Domenico Scarlatti (Italy)
Classical: Joseph Haydn (Austria), Christoph Willibald Gluck (Germany), Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Austria), Ludwig van Beethoven (Germany)
Romantic and Nationalist: Franz Schubert (Austria), Hector Berlioz (France), Felix Mendelssohn (Germany), Robert Schumann (Germany), Clara Wieck (Germany), Franz Liszt (Hungary), Richard Wagner (Germany), Giuseppe Verdi (Italy), Johannes Brahms (Germany), Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Russia), Antonín Dvořák (Bohemia), Edvard Grieg (Norway), Gustav Mahler (Austria/Bohemia), Jean Sibelius (Finland)
Post- Romantic: Igor Stravinsky (Russia/France/US), Claude Debussy (France), Maurice Ravel (France), Sergei Rachmaninoff (Russia), Dmitri Shostakovich (Russia)
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© 2026 Colin Pham
